Grammatical gender marking in New Denmark Danish (Canada)

Authors

  • Caroline Cecilie Kuhlmann
  • Jan Heegård Petersen

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15845/bells.v15i1.4554

Abstract

This article presents a corpus linguistic study of grammatical gender marking in New Denmark Danish (New Brunswick, Canada). The data consist of 2,242 examples of common and neuter gender marking, on (1) the definite suffixes, (2) the indefinite articles, (3) the prenominal definite modifiers, and (4) the possessive pronouns. 39 speakers are represented in the dataset, encompassing 1st-4th immigrant generation speakers. The analysis reveals relatively little deviation from Standard (European) Danish gender marking as only 19 out of the 39 speakers altogether have 47 instances of non-expected gender marking. In spite of the small amount of variation, there are some clear tendencies in the data in comparison with Standard Danish: The definite suffix is extremely stable, neuter nouns in Standard Danish get common gender marking, and ‘complex’ noun phrases with an attributive adjective between the initial gender-marking determiner and the head word show more variation than ‘simple’ NP’s.

References

Björnsdóttir, Sigriður Mjöll, Marit Westergaard & Terje Lohndal. 2020. The effects of attrition on grammatical gender: A view from North American Icelandic. Heritage Language Journal 17(3). https://doi.org/10.46538/hlj.17.3.2.

Bojesen, Palle Bo. 1991. New Denmark – The oldest Danish colony in Canada. In Henning Bender & Birgit Flemming Larsen (eds.), Danish emigration to Canada (Udvandrerhistoriske skrifter 3), 49–70. Aalborg: Danish Emigration Archives.

Foget Hansen, Gert, Jan Heegård & Karoline Kühl. 2018. Kan nordamerikadansk betegnes som en varietet af dansk? In Tanya K. Christensen, Christina Fogtmann, Torben Juel Jensen, Martha Sif Karrebæk, Marie Maegaard, Nicolai Pharao & Pia Quist (eds.), Dansk til det 21. århundrede – sprog og samfund, 121–134. Copenhagen: U Press.

Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York, NY: MacMillan. Johannessen, Janne Bondi & Ida Larsson. 2015. Complexity matters: On gender agreement in Heritage Scandinavian. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01842.

Kuhlmann, Caroline Cecilie. 2023. Genus i arvesprog. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen BA thesis.

Kühl, Karoline. 2019. New Denmark, Canada: An exceptional case of language maintenance in a Danish immigrant settlement. Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0042.

Kühl, Karoline, Jan Heegård Petersen & Gert Foget Hansen. 2019. The Corpus of American Danish: A language resource of spoken immigrant Danish in North and South America. Language Resources and Evaluation 54. 831–849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09473-5.

Kühl, Karoline & Jan Heegård Petersen. 2021. Argentine Danish grammatical gender: Stability with strongly patterned variation. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33(1). 67– 94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470542720000069.

Lohndal, Terje & Marit Westergaard. 2016. Grammatical gender in American Norwegian heritage language: Stability or attrition? Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00344.

Lohndal, Terje & Marit Westergaard. 2021. Grammatical gender: Acquisition, attrition, and change. Journal of Germanic Linguistics 33(1). 95–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1470542720000057.

Montrul, Silvina. 2012. Bilingualism and the heritage language speaker. In Tej K. Bhatia & William C. Ritchie (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism, 168–189. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118332382.ch7

Polinsky, Maria. 2018. Heritage languages and their speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107252349

Downloads

Published

2025-04-07

How to Cite

Kuhlmann , Caroline Cecilie, and Jan Heegård Petersen. 2025. “Grammatical Gender Marking in New Denmark Danish (Canada)”. Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 15 (1):64–73. https://doi.org/10.15845/bells.v15i1.4554.